{"id":303,"date":"2022-05-24T10:30:00","date_gmt":"2022-05-24T03:30:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/wp.efforttech.net\/wp\/kidum\/?p=303"},"modified":"2025-09-19T11:18:53","modified_gmt":"2025-09-19T04:18:53","slug":"the-good-the-bad-and-the-ugly-things","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/setycamp.vn\/en\/the-good-the-bad-and-the-ugly-things\/","title":{"rendered":"22 PH\u1ee4 N\u1eee TI\u00caN PHONG TRONG L\u1ecaCH S\u1eec KHOA H\u1eccC M\u00c0 B\u1ea0N TH\u1ef0C S\u1ef0 N\u00caN BI\u1ebeT (Ph\u1ea7n I)"},"content":{"rendered":"

T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 nghe n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 Ada Lovelace, Rosalind Franklin v\u00e0 Marie Curie, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c khoa h\u1ecdc. c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan t\u00e2m. V\u00ec v\u1eady, b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p danh s\u00e1ch 22 <\/span><\/em>ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1edb v\u00ec nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd<\/em>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Rosalind Franklin – Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111<\/span>\u00e3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a DNA<\/span><\/h2>\n
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Rosalind Elsie Franklin \u00a9 Universal History Archive \/ UIG via Getty Images<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

C\u00f3 l\u1ebd ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc n\u1eef n\u00e0y l\u00e0 Rosalind Elsie Franklin (1920-1958). Franklin l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh, \u0111\u00e3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u00ecm ra c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ph\u00e2n t\u1eed c\u1ee7a DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng, vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 trong ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n mang t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi b\u00e0 qua \u0111\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

Trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 Franklin \u0111\u00e3 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a s\u1ee3i DNA b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng tinh th\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc X-quang v\u00e0 l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea5y b\u00e0 \u0111ang vi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u00e0i b\u00e1o l\u00e0m r\u00f5 nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a DNA, nh\u01b0ng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia s\u1ebb v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1953, nh\u00e0 sinh h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 James D. Watson v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh Francis Crick \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfng vang cho kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac xo\u1eafn k\u00e9p ba chi\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a DNA trong b\u00e0i b\u00e1o “C\u01a1 c\u1ea5u ph\u00e2n t\u1eed c\u1ee7a Axit nucleic: c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o cho axit nucleic deoxyribose” tr\u00ean t\u1edd Nature s\u1ed1 171. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft ch\u00fa th\u00edch r\u1eb1ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bth\u1ee9c t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a Franklin, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap Watson v\u00e0 Crick nh\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng Nobel v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1962.Rosalind Franklin ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn DNA trong 5 n\u0103m cu\u1ed1i \u0111\u1eddi. B\u00e0 qua \u0111\u1eddi v\u00ec c\u0103n b\u1ec7nh ung th\u01b0 bu\u1ed3ng tr\u1ee9ng \u1edf tu\u1ed5i 38 n\u0103m 1958.<\/p>\n

Trong cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u0103m 1968 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, The Double Helix<\/em> , Watson \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1c th\u1ea3o c\u00e1ch c\u1ea3 hai tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh b\u1ea1n khi l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u00f9ng nhau. \u00d4ng c\u0169ng nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i Nobel hay xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i b\u00e1o n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u00e0 Rosalind.<\/p>\n

Xem th\u00eam: http:\/\/www.nature.com\/scitable\/topicpage\/rosalind-franklin-a-crucial-contribution-6538012<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

Janet Taylor – N<\/span>g\u01b0\u1eddi h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn v\u1ec1 h\u00e0ng h\u1ea3i v\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc h\u00e0ng h\u1ea3i<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n
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Janet Taylor’s Octant | Harvard Museums of Science & Culture<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Janet Taylor (1804\u20131870) sinh ra <\/span>Jane Ann Ionn<\/span>, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 chuy\u00ean gia h\u00e0ng h\u1ea3i ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh. Trong su\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, b\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 h\u00e0ng h\u1ea3i, th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp h\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y c\u00e1c m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t kho h\u00e0ng t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i, s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb h\u00e0ng h\u1ea3i. H\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 cao v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb b\u1edfi C\u00f4ng ty \u0110\u00f4ng \u1ea4n, Nh\u00e0 Trinity, v\u00e0 B\u1ed9 H\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n. \u0110\u1ec3 ghi nh\u1eadn c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a b\u00e0, b\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c v\u1ecb vua c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ed5 v\u00e0 H\u00e0 Lan trao t\u1eb7ng hu\u00e2n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u00e0 quy t\u1eafc t\u00ednh v\u0129 \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ed9 cao c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 l\u00e0 “t\u00e0i t\u00ecnh”.<\/p>\n

Taylor l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 r\u1ea5t \u00edt ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee5 khoa h\u1ecdc \u1edf London v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19.<\/p>\n

“M\u00e1y t\u00ednh Mariner” c\u1ee7a b\u00e0, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5p b\u1eb1ng s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1834, \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb B\u1ed9 H\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n b\u00e3i nhi\u1ec7m. Tuy nhi\u00ean, b\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn l\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01b0u trong Danh s\u00e1ch d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1860 “V\u00ec nh\u1eefng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u00e2n t\u1eeb c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i bi\u1ec3n \u1edf London”.<\/p>\n

Xem th\u00eam: https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007\/978-3-030-78973-2_5<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

Dorothy Hodgkin – Ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a Insulin<\/h2>\n
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The Nobel Prize | Women who changed science | Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Dorothy Hodgkin sinh n\u0103m 1910, l\u00e0 con c\u1ea3 trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00f3 4 c\u00f4 con g\u00e1i v\u00e0 n\u0103m 1920 gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 \u1edf Suffolk. <\/span>C\u00f4 theo h\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng trung h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a bang n\u01a1i ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 nam sinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p h\u1ecdc h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi danh.<\/p>\n

Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, c\u00f4 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn v\u00e0o Oxford, n\u01a1i c\u00f4 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t sinh vi\u00ean xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng danh d\u1ef1 h\u1ea1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1932. C\u00f4 l\u1ea5y b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 t\u1ea1i Cambridge n\u0103m 1936 v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u1eadp b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a cholesterol v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m tra c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a penicillin, c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/p>\n

C\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1950 tr\u1edf \u0111i, b\u00e0 t\u1eadp trung nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a insulin, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a ph\u00e2n t\u1eed insulin.<\/p>\n

N\u0103m 1964, Dorothy \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i Nobel H\u00f3a h\u1ecdc cho \u201cc\u00e1c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a c\u00f4 \u1ea5y b\u1eb1ng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt tia X v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t sinh h\u00f3a quan tr\u1ecdng\u201d. B\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef th\u1ee9 ba \u0111o\u1ea1t gi\u1ea3i Nobel H\u00f3a h\u1ecdc sau Marie Curie v\u00e0 con g\u00e1i Ir\u00e8ne Joliot-Curie, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef th\u1ee9 n\u0103m \u0111o\u1ea1t gi\u1ea3i Nobel khoa h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n

B\u00e0 v\u1eabn l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef Anh duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao gi\u1ea3i Nobel v\u1ec1 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ng\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc n\u00e0o trong s\u1ed1 ba ng\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c n\u00e0y c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn. N\u0103m 1965, Dorothy l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef th\u1ee9 hai, sau Florence Nightingale, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng Anh b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m v\u00e0o Hu\u00e2n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng C\u00f4ng tr\u1ea1ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

Xem th\u00eam: https:\/\/www-bloomsbury-com.translate.goog\/uk\/dorothy-crowfoot-hodgkin-9781448217601\/?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=vi&_x_tr_hl=vi&_x_tr_pto=op,sc<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

Katherine Johnson – M\u00e1y t\u00ednh NASA<\/h2>\n
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NASA research mathematician Katherine Johnson is photographed at her desk at Langley Research Center in 1966. Credits: NASA<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Katherine Johnson<\/b> (nh\u0169 danh Coleman<\/b>; 26 th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1918 \u2013 24 th\u00e1ng 2 n\u0103m 2020), c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0 Katherine Goble<\/b>, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n trong c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o khi b\u00e0 \u0111ang l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a NASA \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a chuy\u1ebfn bay \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e1i v\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng gian c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c l\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfp theo c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3.<\/sup> Trong su\u1ed1t s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p 35 n\u0103m \u1edf NASA v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 \u1edf \u1ee6y ban t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n qu\u1ed1c gia v\u1ec1 h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng, b\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 t\u00e0i t\u00ecnh khi t\u00ednh to\u00e1n c\u00e1c ph\u00e9p t\u00ednh ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p b\u1eb1ng tay v\u00e0 gi\u00fap ti\u00ean phong trong vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u00e1y t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c ph\u00e9p t\u00ednh. C\u01a1 quan kh\u00f4ng gian coi “b\u00e0 c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef M\u1ef9 g\u1ed1c Phi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc NASA”.<\/sup><\/p>\n

C\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a Johnson bao g\u1ed3m t\u00ednh c\u00e1c qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o, kho\u1ea3ng chu k\u1ef3 ph\u00f3ng (launch window) v\u00e0 qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i kh\u1ea9n c\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c chuy\u1ebfn bay trong Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh Sao Th\u1ee7y, bao g\u1ed3m trong c\u00e1c l\u1ea7n bay c\u1ee7a Alan Shepard, ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng gian, v\u00e0 John Glenn, ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean bay tr\u00ean qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n cho module M\u1eb7t Tr\u0103ng v\u00e0 module ch\u1ec9 huy trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh Apollo trong c\u00e1c chuy\u1ebfn bay \u0111\u1ebfn M\u1eb7t Tr\u0103ng.C\u00e1c t\u00ednh to\u00e1n c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p quan tr\u1ecdng cho ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh t\u00e0u con thoi,<\/sup> v\u00e0 b\u00e0 tham gia v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u01b0a ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ean Sao H\u1ecfa. n\u0103m 2015, t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Barack Obama trao cho Johnson Hu\u00e2n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u1ef1 do T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng.<\/sup> N\u0103m 2019, Johnson \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao Huy ch\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i M\u1ef9 (Congressional Gold Medal). <\/sup>Di\u1ec5n vi\u00ean Taraji P. Henson \u0111\u00f3ng vai b\u00e0 l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt ch\u00ednh trong b\u1ed9 phim n\u0103m 2016 Hidden Figures (Nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea7m l\u1eb7ng).<\/i><\/p>\n

Xem th\u00eam: https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/audience\/forstudents\/k-4\/stories\/nasa-knows\/who-was-katherine-johnson-k4<\/a> <\/em><\/p>\n

Helen Gwynne-Vaughan – <\/span>Nh\u00e0 th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 Ch\u1ec9 huy c\u1ee7a L\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e2n Ho\u00e0ng gia N\u1eef<\/h2>\n
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Dame Helen Gwynne-Vaughan \u00a9 Gerry Cranham \/ Fox Photos \/ Getty Images<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u1ede c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n kh\u00e1c nhau trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi, Gwynne-Vaughan \u0111\u00f3ng nh\u1eefng vai tr\u00f2 t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n. V\u1ed1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c gi\u00e0u c\u00f3, trong Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, b\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u Qu\u00e2n \u0111o\u00e0n Ph\u1ee5 tr\u1ee3 Ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef (WAAC) \u1edf Ph\u00e1p, nh\u01b0ng b\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 d\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1edbi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 di truy\u1ec1n n\u1ea5m. <\/span>Trong c\u1ea3 ba v\u1ecb tr\u00ed, b\u00e0<\/span> c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y l\u1ea1c l\u00f5ng v\u00e0 bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh b\u1ecb coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ebb k\u1ef3 qu\u1eb7c; b\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a quan \u0111i\u1ec3m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc gi\u1ecfi, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea3 hai.<\/p>\n

Sinh ra trong m\u1ed9t gia \u0111\u00ecnh danh gi\u00e1, Gwynne-Vaughan ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng ti\u1ec7c tr\u00e0 cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi b\u00e0<\/span> g\u1ea7n 21 tu\u1ed5i, khi cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng b\u00e0<\/span> thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c gia \u0111\u00ecnh cho b\u00e0<\/span> v\u00e0o \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc King, London. B\u1ecb c\u1ea5m h\u1ecdc m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5y h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn, c\u00f4 t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p chuy\u00ean ng\u00e0nh th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 nhanh ch\u00f3ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t su\u1ea5t h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Royal Holloway d\u00e0nh cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef ngay b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i London. Trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt g\u1eafn b\u00f3 n\u00e0y, b\u00e0 xa l\u00e1nh c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p n\u1eef b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0103n m\u1eb7c quy\u1ebfn r\u0169 v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u00e0 b\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong ki\u1ebfp tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 quy\u1ebfn r\u0169 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 nam \u0111\u1ebfn th\u0103m. <\/span>Chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Nottingham v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Birkbeck \u1edf London, b\u00e0<\/span> n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi xa c\u00e1ch, n\u0103ng n\u1ed5 v\u00e0 quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh – n\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, b\u00e0 c\u01b0 x\u1eed nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

N\u0103m 1919, sau m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh L\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e2n Ho\u00e0ng gia N\u1eef, Gwynne-Vaughan ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c tr\u01b0\u1edbc Chi\u1ebfn tranh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 Tr\u01b0\u1edfng ph\u00f2ng t\u1ea1i Birkbeck. B\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, thu h\u00fat c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc l\u1ed7i l\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap sinh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1edbi c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m h\u1ea1ng nh\u1ea5t. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 b\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 danh hi\u1ec7u h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 danh d\u1ef1 qu\u1ed1c gia, Gwynne-Vaughan d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c \u1ee7y ban \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n

Xem th\u00eam: https:\/\/www.sciencefocus.com\/science\/helen-gwynne-vaughan-an-extraordinary-botanist-whose-problems-of-identity-still-confront-female-scientists-today\/<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin – Nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u00ec sao<\/span><\/h2>\n
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Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin \u00a9 Getty Images<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Payne-Gaposchkin l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean: ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean nh\u1eadn b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1eddng Cao \u0111\u1eb3ng Radcliffe, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 t\u1ea1i Harvard, v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ng\u00f4i sao.<\/p>\n

Cecilia Helena Payne b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 10 th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 1900 t\u1ea1i th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n Wendover, c\u00e1ch London 40 d\u1eb7m v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda t\u00e2y b\u1eafc. Ngay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u, c\u00f4 \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 t\u00f2 m\u00f2 kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi c\u00f4 \u1ea5y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc, c\u00f4 \u1ea5y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn l\u00ean v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0o Charles’s Wain (c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 B\u1eafc \u0110\u1ea9u B\u1ed9i tinh) v\u00e0 V\u00e0nh \u0111ai c\u1ee7a Orion.<\/p>\n

Hers l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 \u00f3c kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng ngh\u1ec9 v\u1edbi tr\u00ed t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng. Sau m\u1ed9t c\u01a1n gi\u00f4ng m\u00f9a h\u00e8, c\u00f4 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a khu v\u01b0\u1eddn Anh c\u1ee7a gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111ang l\u0103n t\u0103n nh\u01b0 m\u1eb7t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i ao xinh \u0111\u1eb9p. \u0110\u1ea1p xe ra ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn k\u1ef9 h\u01a1n, c\u00f4 th\u1ea5y m\u01b0a \u0111\u00e3 x\u1edbi tung \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ed9 ra m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3n s\u00ean \u0111en ngo\u1eb1n ngo\u00e8o. C\u00f4 kh\u00f3c l\u00f3c th\u1ea3m thi\u1ebft khi ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 v\u1eady.<\/p>\n

D\u00f9 b\u1ecb \u0111u\u1ed5i kh\u1ecfi tr\u01b0\u1eddng trung h\u1ecdc n\u0103m 17 tu\u1ed5i, c\u00f4 v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn v\u00e0o Tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1eef sinh St. Paul’s \u1edf London. Sau m\u1ed9t n\u0103m h\u1ecdc \u0111i\u00ean cu\u1ed3ng – c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc, thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc Newton – c\u00f4 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn v\u00e0o h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i Cambridge.<\/span><\/p>\n

Khi ghi danh v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1919, c\u00f4 h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i Newnham, m\u1ed9t trong hai tr\u01b0\u1eddng cao \u0111\u1eb3ng d\u00e0nh cho n\u1eef. C\u00f4 tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nghi\u00eam t\u00fac truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd: \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng h\u1ecdc to\u00e1n; ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i, v\u00e0o \u0111\u00eam ng\u00e0y 2 th\u00e1ng 12 khi Arthur Eddington , ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u \u0110\u00e0i thi\u00ean v\u0103n Cambridge, thuy\u1ebft tr\u00ecnh t\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i tr\u01b0\u1eddng Trinity c\u1ee7a Cambridge, k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i chuy\u1ebfn th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh Thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a Einstein.<\/p>\n

Cecilia l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong b\u1ed1n ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef trong \u0111\u00e1m h\u1ecfi. C\u00f4 \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc; c\u00f4 \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i chuy\u00ean ng\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh sang v\u1eadt l\u00fd, v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 c\u00f4 \u1ea5y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc \u1edf b\u00ean.<\/p>\n

Sau khi t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tri\u1ec3n v\u1ecdng cho m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc \u1edf Anh, Cecilia \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc b\u1ed5ng t\u1ea1i \u0110\u00e0i quan s\u00e1t c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Harvard \u1edf m\u1ed9t Cambridge kh\u00e1c, m\u1ed9t \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3. Cecilia ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o Ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m Cavendish c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn xu\u1ed1ng qua t\u1ea5m k\u00ednh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ed3 trang s\u1ee9c, c\u00f4 \u1ea5y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng l\u00e0m trong nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 qua b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn l\u00ean qua k\u00ednh thi\u00ean v\u0103n: x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng ng\u00f4i sao \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt l\u00fd thi\u00ean v\u0103n.<\/p>\n

V\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 n\u01a1i r\u1eafc r\u1ed1i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u. C\u00f4 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng hydro ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u trong V\u0169 tr\u1ee5 so v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng thi\u00ean v\u0103n \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u0111\u00e3 tin t\u01b0\u1edfng. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t tri\u1ec7u<\/em> l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa. Kh\u00f4ng ai tin r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t n\u1eef sinh vi\u00ean m\u1edbi t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n nh\u01b0 v\u1eady.<\/p>\n

Ch\u1ee7 nhi\u1ec7m khoa thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd l\u00e0 Henry Norris Russell, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u \u0110\u00e0i thi\u00ean v\u0103n Princeton; anh \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft cho Cecilia r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a c\u00f4 \u1ea5y “r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3.” K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0, trong cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch Kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n<\/em> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u00ec sao , c\u00f4 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh “g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1eadt.” (Nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m sau, Russell th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng c\u00f4 \u1ea5y \u0111\u00fang, nh\u01b0ng anh \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 ch\u00f4n n\u00f3 v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i b\u00e0i b\u00e1o c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.)<\/p>\n

V\u01b0\u1ee3t qua t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3, c\u00f4 v\u1eabn ki\u00ean tr\u00ec. C\u00f4 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean nh\u1eadn b\u1eb1ng Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 t\u1eeb Cao \u0111\u1eb3ng Radcliffe; <\/span>ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng \u201csu\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eddi xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc\u201d c\u1ee7a Hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i Thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc Hoa K\u1ef3; v\u00e0, sau khi Lowell cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 ngh\u1ec9 h\u01b0u, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng.<\/p>\n

The New York Times<\/em> , ng\u00e0y 21 th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 1956: \u201cH\u00f4m nay \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Harvard th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o vi\u1ec7c b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin l\u00e0m Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n

Payne-Gaposchkin l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean: ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean nh\u1eadn b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1eddng Cao \u0111\u1eb3ng Radcliffe, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 t\u1ea1i Harvard, v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ng\u00f4i sao.<\/p>\n

Cecilia Helena Payne b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 10 th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 1900 t\u1ea1i th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n Wendover, c\u00e1ch London 40 d\u1eb7m v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda t\u00e2y b\u1eafc. Ngay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u, b\u00e0 \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 t\u00f2 m\u00f2 kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u00e0 \u1ea5y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc, b\u00e0 \u1ea5y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn l\u00ean v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0o Charles’s Wain (c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 B\u1eafc \u0110\u1ea9u B\u1ed9i tinh) v\u00e0 V\u00e0nh \u0111ai c\u1ee7a Orion.<\/p>\n

Hers l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 \u00f3c kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng ngh\u1ec9 v\u1edbi tr\u00ed t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng. Sau m\u1ed9t c\u01a1n gi\u00f4ng m\u00f9a h\u00e8, b\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a khu v\u01b0\u1eddn Anh c\u1ee7a gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111ang l\u0103n t\u0103n nh\u01b0 m\u1eb7t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i ao xinh \u0111\u1eb9p. \u0110\u1ea1p xe ra ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn k\u1ef9 h\u01a1n, b\u00e0 th\u1ea5y m\u01b0a \u0111\u00e3 x\u1edbi tung \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ed9 ra m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3n s\u00ean \u0111en ngo\u1eb1n ngo\u00e8o. B\u00e0 kh\u00f3c l\u00f3c th\u1ea3m thi\u1ebft khi ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 v\u1eady.<\/p>\n

D\u00f9 b\u1ecb \u0111u\u1ed5i kh\u1ecfi tr\u01b0\u1eddng trung h\u1ecdc n\u0103m 17 tu\u1ed5i, b\u00e0 v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn v\u00e0o Tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1eef sinh St. Paul’s \u1edf London. Sau m\u1ed9t n\u0103m h\u1ecdc \u0111i\u00ean cu\u1ed3ng – c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc, thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc Newton – b\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn v\u00e0o h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i Cambridge.<\/p>\n

Khi ghi danh v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1919, b\u00e0 h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i Newnham, m\u1ed9t trong hai tr\u01b0\u1eddng cao \u0111\u1eb3ng d\u00e0nh cho n\u1eef. B\u00e0 tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nghi\u00eam t\u00fac truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd: \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng h\u1ecdc to\u00e1n; ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i, v\u00e0o \u0111\u00eam ng\u00e0y 2 th\u00e1ng 12 khi Arthur Eddington , ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u \u0110\u00e0i thi\u00ean v\u0103n Cambridge, thuy\u1ebft tr\u00ecnh t\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i tr\u01b0\u1eddng Trinity c\u1ee7a Cambridge, k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i chuy\u1ebfn th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh Thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a Einstein.<\/p>\n

Cecilia l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong b\u1ed1n ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef trong \u0111\u00e1m h\u1ecfi. B\u00e0 \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc; b\u00e0 \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i chuy\u00ean ng\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh sang v\u1eadt l\u00fd, v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 b\u00e0 \u1ea5y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc \u1edf b\u00ean.<\/p>\n

Sau khi t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tri\u1ec3n v\u1ecdng cho m\u1ed9t b\u00e0ng vi\u1ec7c thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc \u1edf Anh, Cecilia \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc b\u1ed5ng t\u1ea1i \u0110\u00e0i quan s\u00e1t c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Harvard \u1edf m\u1ed9t Cambridge kh\u00e1c, m\u1ed9t \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3. Cecilia ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o Ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m Cavendish c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn xu\u1ed1ng qua t\u1ea5m k\u00ednh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ed3 trang s\u1ee9c, b\u00e0 \u1ea5y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng l\u00e0m trong nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 qua b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn l\u00ean qua k\u00ednh thi\u00ean v\u0103n: x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng ng\u00f4i sao \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt l\u00fd thi\u00ean v\u0103n.<\/p>\n

V\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 n\u01a1i r\u1eafc r\u1ed1i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u. B\u00e0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng hydro ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u trong V\u0169 tr\u1ee5 so v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng thi\u00ean v\u0103n \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u0111\u00e3 tin t\u01b0\u1edfng. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t tri\u1ec7u<\/em> l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa. Kh\u00f4ng ai tin r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t n\u1eef sinh vi\u00ean m\u1edbi t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n nh\u01b0 v\u1eady.<\/p>\n

Ch\u1ee7 nhi\u1ec7m khoa thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd l\u00e0 Henry Norris Russell, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u \u0110\u00e0i thi\u00ean v\u0103n Princeton; anh \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft cho Cecilia r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 \u1ea5y “r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3.” K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0, trong cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch Kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n<\/em> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u00ec sao , b\u00e0 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh “g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1eadt.” (Nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m sau, Russell th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng b\u00e0 \u1ea5y \u0111\u00fang, nh\u01b0ng anh \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 ch\u00f4n n\u00f3 v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i b\u00e0i b\u00e1o c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.)<\/p>\n

V\u01b0\u1ee3t qua t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3, b\u00e0 v\u1eabn ki\u00ean tr\u00ec. B\u00e0 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean nh\u1eadn b\u1eb1ng Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 t\u1eeb Cao \u0111\u1eb3ng Radcliffe; ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng \u201csu\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eddi xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc\u201d c\u1ee7a Hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i Thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc Hoa K\u1ef3; v\u00e0, sau khi Lowell cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 ngh\u1ec9 h\u01b0u, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng.<\/p>\n

The New York Times<\/em> , ng\u00e0y 21 th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 1956: \u201cH\u00f4m nay \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Harvard th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o vi\u1ec7c b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin l\u00e0m Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc. B\u00e0 \u1ea5y l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 t\u1ea1i Harvard th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c th\u0103ng ch\u1ee9c gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean ch\u00ednh. \u201d – Donovan Moore<\/em><\/p>\n

Xem th\u00eam: https:\/\/www.sciencefocus.com\/author\/donovanmoore\/<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

Barbara McClintock – Gi\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3i Nobel cho vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra gen nh\u1ea3y<\/h2>\n
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Bettmann \/ Getty Images<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadp b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 b\u1ed9 gen ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 CRISPR \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9nh s\u1eeda c\u00e1c kh\u1ed1i x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng, nh\u01b0ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1edd v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u su\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eddi v\u1ec1 di truy\u1ec1n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Barbara McClintock. B\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 d\u00e0nh to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch ng\u00f4, v\u00e0 v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1930, b\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt nhu\u1ed9m cho ph\u00e9p b\u00e0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh, ki\u1ec3m tra v\u00e0 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec5m s\u1eafc th\u1ec3 ri\u00eang l\u1ebb c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/p>\n

Ng\u00f4 (ho\u1eb7c ng\u00f4) c\u00f3 v\u1ebb l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u kh\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1eddng, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 di truy\u1ec1n h\u1ecdc, ch\u00fang l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u1ecf v\u00e0ng th\u00f4ng tin, v\u00ec m\u1ed7i c\u00e2y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t c\u00f3 m\u00e0u s\u1eafc kh\u00e1c nhau, m\u1ed7i lo\u1ea1i c\u00f3 ki\u1ec3u gen ri\u00eang. V\u1edbi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, c\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gen nh\u1ea3y, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c chu\u1ed7i DNA di chuy\u1ec3n gi\u1eefa b\u1ed9 gen.<\/p>\n

C\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a c\u00f4 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c gen nh\u1ea3y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng khoa h\u1ecdc coi l\u00e0 DNA r\u00e1c v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3. Tuy nhi\u00ean, McClintock v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c v\u00e0 g\u1ee3i \u00fd r\u1eb1ng tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh gen n\u00e0o trong t\u1ebf b\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eadt – r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i t\u1ebf b\u00e0o, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u00fang th\u00ec ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t v\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

M\u00e3i cho \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1983, khi b\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao Gi\u1ea3i Nobel Sinh l\u00fd h\u1ecdc ho\u1eb7c Y h\u1ecdc, c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng khoa h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1eadn ra kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng gen nh\u1ea3y n\u00e0y m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u1ea3 b\u1ed9 gen ch\u00fang t\u1ea1o n\u00ean nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o – m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh cho th\u1ea5y ch\u00fang t\u1ea1o ra chi\u1ebfm 40% b\u1ed9 gen ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

McClintock c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 di truy\u1ec1n <\/span>bi\u1ec3u sinh<\/span> , n\u01a1i c\u00e1c gen thay \u0111\u1ed5i ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, kho\u1ea3ng 40 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u.<\/span><\/p>\n

Xem th\u00eam: https:\/\/www.nobelprize.org\/womenwhochangedscience\/stories\/barbara-mcclintock<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

Ngu\u1ed3n: T\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 s\u01b0u t\u1ea7m<\/em><\/p>\n

(C\u00f2n ti\u1ebfp)<\/strong><\/em><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 nghe n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 Ada Lovelace, Rosalind Franklin v\u00e0 Marie Curie, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c khoa h\u1ecdc. c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan t\u00e2m. V\u00ec v\u1eady, b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p danh s\u00e1ch 22 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef trong l\u1ecbch […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1882,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[17],"tags":[53,55,56,54],"class_list":["post-303","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-our-blog","tag-binh-dang-gioi","tag-khoa-hoc-va-cong-nghe","tag-nu-tri-thuc","tag-women-in-science"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/setycamp.vn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/303","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/setycamp.vn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/setycamp.vn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/setycamp.vn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/setycamp.vn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=303"}],"version-history":[{"count":8,"href":"https:\/\/setycamp.vn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/303\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1883,"href":"https:\/\/setycamp.vn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/303\/revisions\/1883"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/setycamp.vn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1882"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/setycamp.vn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=303"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/setycamp.vn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=303"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/setycamp.vn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=303"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}